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想學資料庫先裝哪套?MySQL 能幫你做到什麼

MySQL (64-bit) 軟體圖示 MySQL (64-bit) 5.6.23 (64-bit) 資料更新 2015-02-03 閱讀約 6 分鐘

你正在架一個網站、寫一支會存資料的程式,或學校作業要用到資料庫。你上網查「資料庫 軟體」,跑出一堆名字,每個看起來都很專業,但你其實只想知道:裝哪一套可以趕快把資料存進去、把資料撈出來,不要卡在安裝和設定。你怕選錯,更怕裝了之後才發現不適合,又要重來。

很多人第一個念頭是用 Excel 或 Google 試算表硬撐,但資料一多、要同時讓好幾個人查詢、要寫條件篩選的時候,試算表就開始卡。另一條路是直接租雲端資料庫,但每個月要付錢,對還在學習或開發階段的人來說負擔太大。這類資料庫軟體的切入點是:給你一套在本機就能跑的關聯式資料庫,用 SQL 指令跟它溝通,先解決「有地方存資料」這個根本問題。

01MySQL 到底是做什麼用的?

它是一套關聯式資料庫管理系統,用來儲存、管理、查詢資料。你可以把它想成一個放在電腦裡的資料倉庫,透過 SQL 指令建立資料表、寫入資料、下條件查詢。它本身沒有圖形介面,安裝完之後是背景服務,要另外裝管理工具才能看到資料內容。

02我完全沒碰過資料庫,這套軟體適合入門嗎?

適合,但要有心理準備。它主要透過命令列操作,你至少要會基本的 SQL 語法,例如 CREATE TABLE、SELECT、INSERT 這些指令。官方文件寫得很完整,網路上教學資源也很多,只是學習曲線比圖形介面的工具陡一些。如果你完全不想碰指令,可以搭配 MySQL Workbench 這類圖形工具使用。

03它跟 Excel 有什麼差?什麼時候該換成資料庫?

Excel 適合幾千筆以內、單人編輯、不需要複雜關聯的資料。當資料量變大、多人同時讀寫、或你要做跨表格查詢的時候,Excel 會明顯變慢且容易出錯。MySQL 用 SQL 處理查詢,效能穩定,也支援多人同時連線,適合網站、應用程式這類需要頻繁讀寫資料的場景。

04安裝過程會不會很複雜?

安裝本身不複雜,執行安裝檔、按幾個下一步就裝好了。比較需要花時間的是安裝後的設定,包括資料庫帳號密碼、存取權限、連線埠這些。官方文件有提到,安裝時可以設定資料庫選項、定義存取權限、指定儲存方式。如果你只是想先跑起來,用預設值就可以了。

05它有沒有圖形介面可以用?

軟體本身只有命令列介面,但官方文件列出了幾個第三方圖形工具,包括 phpMyAdmin、MySQL Workbench、Navicat。這些工具可以讓你用滑鼠建立資料表、執行查詢、看效能狀態,不用背指令。其中 MySQL Workbench 是 Oracle 出的免費工具,跟 MySQL 搭配使用的人很多。

06我寫程式的語言跟它合得來嗎?

官方文件說它支援多種程式語言,並提供對應的連接器,例如 Java 用 MySQL Connector/J、Python 用 MySQL Connector/Python。也就是說,你只要照官方文件把對應的驅動程式裝好,就可以從程式裡連到資料庫下 SQL 指令。PHP、C# 這些常見語言也都有社群提供的連線方式。

07這套軟體是免費的嗎?

它分成兩個版本:Community Edition 免費且開放原始碼,Enterprise Edition 要訂閱付費。免費版涵蓋大部分日常功能,但官方文件提到,即時分析、企業級技術支援這類進階功能只有在付費版才有。一般學習、開發、小型專案用免費版就夠了。

08我只會 Windows,這套軟體在我的電腦上跑得起來嗎?

可以。官方支援 Windows 7 到 Windows 11 的 64 位元系統,也支援 macOS 和 Linux。安裝時要注意你的系統是 64 位元,硬碟空間和記憶體要看資料庫大小決定,官方文件說需求會依版本和資料量而不同。

09介面是中文的嗎?

不是。軟體本身的介面是英文,安裝過程和命令列操作都是英文。如果你對英文介面不熟悉,操作上會多一層障礙。不過圖形工具 MySQL Workbench 的介面也是英文,這點要先有心理準備。網路上有大量中文教學,可以邊看邊學。

10我只是想存一些個人資料,這套會不會太重?

如果你的需求是單機、單人、資料量不大,SQLite 這類輕量資料庫可能更適合。SQLite 不需要安裝伺服器、不需要設定帳號密碼,把資料庫存成一個檔案就能用。MySQL 需要背景服務持續執行,對純個人用途來說確實比較重,但如果你之後要學網站開發,遲早會用到它。

11我聽說微軟也有免費的 SQL Server Express,跟它比起來呢?

SQL Server Express 是微軟出的免費資料庫,介面是中文的,圖形工具 SSMS 也比較完整,對 Windows 使用者來說上手門檻較低。MySQL 的優勢是跨平台、開源、社群龐大,而且網路上教學資源非常多。兩套都是免費的,你可以先裝 MySQL 試試,不習慣再換 SQL Server Express。

12這套軟體是不是很久沒更新了?

不是。根據收錄的版本紀錄,它從 2011 年至今持續有新版釋出,最近一年內更新了 3 次,最近兩年內更新了 7 次,屬於持續維護中的軟體。開發商是 Oracle,背後有商業公司在維護,不用擔心專案突然停擺。

下載與官方連結

前往官方網站 下載 MySQL (64-bit)

mysql-5.6.23-winx64.msi · 47.24 MB · 連結指向軟體原廠

版本紀錄

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看完整版本清單

這一版改了什麼

What's new in this version:

Security Notes:
- The linked OpenSSL library for the MySQL Commercial Server has been updated from version 1.0.1j to version 1.0.1k.
- This change does not affect the Oracle-produced MySQL Community build of MySQL Server, which uses the yaSSL library instead. (Bug #20375530) Functionality Added or Changed:
- Support for the SSL 2.0 and SSL 3.0 protocols has been disabled because they provide weak encryption. Support was added for the TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 protocols. (Bug #19820550)
- References: See also Bug #19921150
- yaSSL was upgraded to version 2.3.7. (Bug #19695101, Bug #20201864)
- The valid date range of the SSL certificates in mysql-test/std_data has been extended to the year 2029. (Bug #18366947) Bugs Fixed:
- InnoDB: A tablespace export operation set the purge state to PURGE_STATE_STOP but the purge thread did not check the purge state until the current purge operation was completed. In the case of a large history list, the tablespace export operation was delayed, waiting for the current purge operation to finish. The purge state is now checked with every purge batch. (Bug #20266847, Bug #75298)
- InnoDB: An ALTER TABLE ... ADD INDEX operation raised an assertion due to assertion code that did not allow an online index status of ONLINE_INDEX_ABORTED_DROPPED. The assertion code has been relaxed. (Bug #20198726)
- InnoDB: An error occurred when the push_warning_printf function was invoked during server recovery. This function was previously used to print a warning message to the client. Also, current_thd was NULL when the server was restarted. (Bug #20144839)
- InnoDB: An ALTER TABLE operation that changed the name of a foreign key column resulted in a failure when reloading the foreign key constraint. The previous column name remained in the data dictionary cache instead of being evicted. (Bug #20031243)
- InnoDB: Error messages regarding a size limitation on BLOB or TEXT data inserted in a single transaction have been revised. (Bug #19975322)
- InnoDB: DML operations on a table with full-text search indexes raised an invalid assertion. (Bug #19905246)
- References: This bug is a regression of Bug #19314480.
- InnoDB: A multiple-table delete operation caused the server to halt. (Bug #19815702)
- InnoDB: A FLUSH TABLES operation raised an assertion. (Bug #19803418)
- InnoDB: With change buffering enabled, a buffered sequence of operations that should not have been buffered resulted in an Unable to purge a record error. (Bug #19528825, Bug #73767)
- InnoDB: On non-Windows platforms, os-file_pread and os_file_pwrite functions return -1 when an error occurs. This value was printed in an error message as the number of bytes read or written. Instead of printing the -1 value in the error message, a separate error message indicating a system call failure is now printed. Thanks to David Bennett for the patch. (Bug #19315210, Bug #73365)
- InnoDB: A slow shutdown (innodb_fast_shutdown=0) after crash recovery raised an assertion. Slow shutdown did not wait for background rollback operations to finish before proceeding. (Bug #16862810)
- InnoDB: The integer column value was handled incorrectly for the memcached incr and decr commands. (Bug #69415, Bug #20083106, Bug #74874, Bug #20044123)
- Partitioning: A failed ALTER TABLE ... TRUNCATE PARTITION statement or a failed TRUNCATE TABLE statement against a partitioned table sometimes left inconsistent metadata in the table cache; subsequent SQL statements reusing this metadata failed, and could in some cases also lead to a failure of the server. (Bug #74292, Bug #19786861)
- Replication: If a client thread on a slave executed FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK while the master executed a DML, executing SHOW SLAVE STATUS in the same client became blocked, causing a deadlock. The fix ensures that the read lock is only held during the period that the relay log is being updated and the deadlock is avoided. (Bug #19843808)
- Replication: When an XA transaction was active, executing an internal rollback, for example using the BINLOG statement, resulted in an assertion. The fix ensures that a rollback happens only for a slave when a transaction spans multiple binary log files. Rollback does not happen now if the Format_description comes from the BINLOG statement being executed in the MySQL client. (Bug #74597, Bug #19928622)
- Replication: In normal usage, it is not possible for a slave to have more GTIDs than the master. But in certain situations, such as after a hardware failure or incorrectly cleared gtid_purged, the master's binary log could be truncated. This fix ensures that in such a situation, the master now detects that the slave has transactions with GTIDs which are not on the master. An error is now generated on the slave and the I/O thread is stopped with an error. The master's dump thread is also stopped. This prevents data inconsistencies during replication. (Bug #72635, Bug #18789758)
- Replication: When using SHOW SLAVE STATUS to monitor replication performance, Seconds_Behind_Master sometimes displayed unexpected lag behind the master. This was caused by Previous_gtids_log_events being written to the slave's relay log with a timestamp behind the master, and then being used to calculate the Seconds_Behind_Master. This fix ensures that events generated on the slave that are added to the relay log and are not used when calculating Seconds_Behind_Master. (Bug #72376, Bug #18622657)
- On Ubuntu 14.10, MySQL install operations could fail to reload AppArmor. (Bug #20092641)
- EXPLAIN within an XA transaction could raise an assertion. (Bug #19941492)
- Binary log files created by streaming the binary log from a remote server with mysqlbinlog were given an access mode more permissive than the original files. (Bug #19649868)
- If the audit_log plugin encountered a disk-full error, the server would exit.
- Now, if the file system to which the audit log is being written fills up, a “disk full” error is written to the error log. Audit logging continues until the audit log buffer is full. If free disk space has not been made available by the time the buffer fills, client sessions will hang, and stopping the server at the time of client sessions hanging will result in audit log corruption. To avoid this if client sessions are hung, ensure that free space is available on the audit logging file system before stopping the server. (Bug #19411485)
- For failure to create a temporary table due to being out of file descriptors, the server exited rather than returning an error. (Bug #18948649)
- For some queries that contained a derived table (subquery in the FROM clause), delay of materialization resulted in a suboptimal execution plan due to a less accurate row-count estimate. (Bug #18607971)
- For UPDATE and DELETE statements, the server could exit after attempting to access an uninitialized data structure. (Bug #18036143)
- Starting the server with start service or mysqld_safe could result in failure to use the correct plugin directory. (Bug #17619241)
- FLUSH TABLES on a FEDERATED table failed if the table had been idle longer than the wait_timeout time plus the TCP keepalive time. (Bug #17599258)
- Selecting all columns from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES did not reopen tables if they were in the table cache, but selecting a subset of those columns under the same conditions did reopen tables. (Bug #16869534)
- If my_write() encountered a disk-full condition, it could return an incorrect error value. (Bug #16078792, Bug #19984788)
- InnoDB boolean full-text searches incorrectly handled + combined with parentheses; for example, +word1 +(>word2